1.引言高并发场景在现场的日常工作中很常见,特别是在互联网公司中,这篇文章就来通过秒杀商品来模拟高并发的场景 。文章末尾会附上文章的所有代码、脚本和测试用例 。
2.商品秒杀-超卖在开发中,对于下面的代码,可能很熟悉:在Service里面加上@Transactional事务注解和Lock锁
控制层:Controller
@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式——Lock加锁")@PostMapping("/start/lock")public Result startLock(long skgId){try {log.info("开始秒杀方式一...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;Result result = secondKillService.startSecondKillByLock(skgId, userId);if(result != null){log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, result.get("msg"));}else{log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, "哎呦喂,人也太多了,请稍后!");}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {}return Result.ok();}
业务层:Service
@Override@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public Result startSecondKillByLock(long skgId, long userId) {lock.lock();try {// 校验库存SecondKill secondKill = secondKillMapper.selectById(skgId);Integer number = secondKill.getNumber();if (number > 0) {// 扣库存secondKill.setNumber(number - 1);secondKillMapper.updateById(secondKill);// 创建订单SuccessKilled killed = new SuccessKilled();killed.setSeckillId(skgId);killed.setUserId(userId);killed.setState((short) 0);killed.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));successKilledMapper.insert(killed);// 模拟支付Payment payment = new Payment();payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setUserId(userId);payment.setMoney(40);payment.setState((short) 1);payment.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));paymentMapper.insert(payment);} else {return Result.error(SecondKillStateEnum.END);}} catch (Exception e) {throw new ScorpiosException("异常了个乖乖");} finally {lock.unlock();}return Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS);}
对于上面的代码应该没啥问题吧 , 业务方法上加事务,在处理业务的时候加锁 。
但上面这样写法是有问题的,会出现超卖的情况,看下测试结果:模拟1000个并发,抢100商品
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这里在业务方法开始加了锁,在业务方法结束后释放了锁 。但这里的事务提交却不是这样的 , 有可能在事务提交之前,就已经把锁释放了,这样会导致商品超卖现象 。所以加锁的时机很重要!
3. 解决商品超卖对于上面超卖现象,主要问题出现在事务中锁释放的时机,事务未提交之前,锁已经释放 。(事务提交是在整个方法执行完) 。如何解决这个问题呢,就是把加锁步骤提前
- 可以在controller层进行加锁
- 可以使用Aop在业务方法执行之前进行加锁
@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式——Lock加锁")@PostMapping("/start/lock")public Result startLock(long skgId){// 在此处加锁lock.lock();try {log.info("开始秒杀方式一...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;Result result = secondKillService.startSecondKillByLock(skgId, userId);if(result != null){log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, result.get("msg"));}else{log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, "哎呦喂,人也太多了,请稍后!");}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {// 在此处释放锁lock.unlock();}return Result.ok();}
上面这样的加锁就可以解决事务未提交之前 , 锁释放的问题,可以分三种情况进行压力测试:- 并发数1000,商品100
- 并发数1000,商品1000
- 并发数2000,商品1000
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3.2 方式二(AOP版加锁)对于上面在控制层进行加锁的方式,可能显得不优雅,那就还有另一种方式进行在事务之前加锁,那就是AOP
自定义AOP注解
@Target({ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.METHOD})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documentedpublic@interface ServiceLock {String description()default "";}
定义切面类@Slf4j@Component@Scope@Aspect@Order(1) //order越小越是最先执行,但更重要的是最先执行的最后结束public class LockAspect {/*** 思考:为什么不用synchronized* service 默认是单例的,并发下lock只有一个实例*/private staticLock lock = new ReentrantLock(true); // 互斥锁 参数默认false,不公平锁// Service层切点用于记录错误日志@Pointcut("@annotation(com.scorpios.secondkill.aop.ServiceLock)")public void lockAspect() {}@Around("lockAspect()")publicObject around(ProceedingJoinPoint joinPoint) {lock.lock();Object obj = null;try {obj = joinPoint.proceed();} catch (Throwable e) {e.printStackTrace();throw new RuntimeException();} finally{lock.unlock();}return obj;}}
在业务方法上添加AOP注解@Override@ServiceLock // 使用Aop进行加锁@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public Result startSecondKillByAop(long skgId, long userId) {try {// 校验库存SecondKill secondKill = secondKillMapper.selectById(skgId);Integer number = secondKill.getNumber();if (number > 0) {//扣库存secondKill.setNumber(number - 1);secondKillMapper.updateById(secondKill);//创建订单SuccessKilled killed = new SuccessKilled();killed.setSeckillId(skgId);killed.setUserId(userId);killed.setState((short) 0);killed.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));successKilledMapper.insert(killed);//支付Payment payment = new Payment();payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setUserId(userId);payment.setMoney(40);payment.setState((short) 1);payment.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));paymentMapper.insert(payment);} else {return Result.error(SecondKillStateEnum.END);}} catch (Exception e) {throw new ScorpiosException("异常了个乖乖");}return Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS);}
控制层:@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式二——Aop加锁")@PostMapping("/start/aop")public Result startAop(long skgId){try {log.info("开始秒杀方式二...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;Result result = secondKillService.startSecondKillByAop(skgId, userId);if(result != null){log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, result.get("msg"));}else{log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, "哎呦喂,人也太多了,请稍后!");}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return Result.ok();}
这种方式在对锁的使用上 , 更高阶、更美观!3.3 方式三(悲观锁一)除了上面在业务代码层面加锁外,还可以使用数据库自带的锁进行并发控制 。
悲观锁 , 什么是悲观锁呢?通俗的说,在做任何事情之前,都要进行加锁确认 。这种数据库级加锁操作效率较低 。
使用for update一定要加上事务,当事务处理完后,for update才会将行级锁解除
如果请求数和秒杀商品数量一致,会出现少卖
@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式三——悲观锁")@PostMapping("/start/pes/lock/one")public Result startPesLockOne(long skgId){try {log.info("开始秒杀方式三...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;Result result = secondKillService.startSecondKillByUpdate(skgId, userId);if(result != null){log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, result.get("msg"));}else{log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, "哎呦喂,人也太多了 , 请稍后!");}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return Result.ok();}
业务逻辑@Override@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public Result startSecondKillByUpdate(long skgId, long userId) {try {// 校验库存-悲观锁SecondKill secondKill = secondKillMapper.querySecondKillForUpdate(skgId);Integer number = secondKill.getNumber();if (number > 0) {//扣库存secondKill.setNumber(number - 1);secondKillMapper.updateById(secondKill);//创建订单SuccessKilled killed = new SuccessKilled();killed.setSeckillId(skgId);killed.setUserId(userId);killed.setState((short) 0);killed.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));successKilledMapper.insert(killed);//支付Payment payment = new Payment();payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setUserId(userId);payment.setMoney(40);payment.setState((short) 1);payment.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));paymentMapper.insert(payment);} else {return Result.error(SecondKillStateEnum.END);}} catch (Exception e) {throw new ScorpiosException("异常了个乖乖");} finally {}return Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS);}
Dao层@Repositorypublic interface SecondKillMapper extends BaseMapper<SecondKill> {/*** 将此行数据进行加锁,当整个方法将事务提交后,才会解锁* @param skgId* @return*/@Select(value = "https://www.badwe.com/264839/SELECT * FROM seckill WHERE seckill_id=#{skgId} FOR UPDATE")SecondKill querySecondKillForUpdate(@Param("skgId") Long skgId);}
上面是利用for update进行对查询数据加锁 , 加的是行锁3.4 方式四(悲观锁二)悲观锁的第二种方式就是利用update更新命令来加表锁
/** * UPDATE锁表 * @param skgId商品id * @param userId用户id * @return */@Override@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public Result startSecondKillByUpdateTwo(long skgId, long userId) {try {// 不校验 , 直接扣库存更新int result = secondKillMapper.updateSecondKillById(skgId);if (result > 0) {//创建订单SuccessKilled killed = new SuccessKilled();killed.setSeckillId(skgId);killed.setUserId(userId);killed.setState((short) 0);killed.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));successKilledMapper.insert(killed);//支付Payment payment = new Payment();payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setUserId(userId);payment.setMoney(40);payment.setState((short) 1);payment.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));paymentMapper.insert(payment);} else {return Result.error(SecondKillStateEnum.END);}} catch (Exception e) {throw new ScorpiosException("异常了个乖乖");} finally {}return Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS);}
Dao层@Repositorypublic interface SecondKillMapper extends BaseMapper<SecondKill> {/*** 将此行数据进行加锁,当整个方法将事务提交后,才会解锁* @param skgId* @return*/@Select(value = "https://www.badwe.com/264839/SELECT * FROM seckill WHERE seckill_id=#{skgId} FOR UPDATE")SecondKill querySecondKillForUpdate(@Param("skgId") Long skgId);@Update(value = "https://www.badwe.com/264839/UPDATE seckill SET number=number-1 WHERE seckill_id=#{skgId} AND number > 0")int updateSecondKillById(@Param("skgId") long skgId);}
3.5 方式五(乐观锁)乐观锁,顾名思义,就是对操作结果很乐观,通过利用version字段来判断数据是否被修改乐观锁,不进行库存数量的校验,直接做库存扣减
这里使用的乐观锁会出现大量的数据更新异常(抛异常就会导致购买失败)、如果配置的抢购人数比较少、比如120:100(人数:商品) 会出现少买的情况 , 不推荐使用乐观锁 。
@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式五——乐观锁")@PostMapping("/start/opt/lock")public Result startOptLock(long skgId){try {log.info("开始秒杀方式五...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;// 参数添加了购买数量Result result = secondKillService.startSecondKillByPesLock(skgId, userId,1);if(result != null){log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, result.get("msg"));}else{log.info("用户:{}--{}", userId, "哎呦喂,人也太多了,请稍后!");}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return Result.ok();}@Override@Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)public Result startSecondKillByPesLock(long skgId, long userId, int number) {// 乐观锁,不进行库存数量的校验,直接try {SecondKill kill = secondKillMapper.selectById(skgId);// 剩余的数量应该要大于等于秒杀的数量if(kill.getNumber() >= number) {int result = secondKillMapper.updateSecondKillByVersion(number,skgId,kill.getVersion());if (result > 0) {//创建订单SuccessKilled killed = new SuccessKilled();killed.setSeckillId(skgId);killed.setUserId(userId);killed.setState((short) 0);killed.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));successKilledMapper.insert(killed);//支付Payment payment = new Payment();payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setSeckillId(skgId);payment.setUserId(userId);payment.setMoney(40);payment.setState((short) 1);payment.setCreateTime(new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()));paymentMapper.insert(payment);} else {return Result.error(SecondKillStateEnum.END);}}} catch (Exception e) {throw new ScorpiosException("异常了个乖乖");} finally {}return Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS);}@Repositorypublic interface SecondKillMapper extends BaseMapper<SecondKill> {/*** 将此行数据进行加锁,当整个方法将事务提交后,才会解锁* @param skgId* @return*/@Select(value = "https://www.badwe.com/264839/SELECT * FROM seckill WHERE seckill_id=#{skgId} FOR UPDATE")SecondKill querySecondKillForUpdate(@Param("skgId") Long skgId);@Update(value = "https://www.badwe.com/264839/UPDATE seckill SET number=number-1 WHERE seckill_id=#{skgId} AND number > 0")int updateSecondKillById(@Param("skgId") long skgId);@Update(value = "https://www.badwe.com/264839/UPDATE seckillSET number=number-#{number},version=version+1 WHERE seckill_id=#{skgId} AND version = #{version}")int updateSecondKillByVersion(@Param("number") int number, @Param("skgId") long skgId, @Param("version")int version);}
乐观锁会出现大量的数据更新异常(抛异常就会导致购买失败),会出现少买的情况,不推荐使用乐观锁3.6 方式六(阻塞队列)利用阻塞队类,也可以解决高并发问题 。其思想就是把接收到的请求按顺序存放到队列中 , 消费者线程逐一从队列里取数据进行处理,看下具体代码 。
阻塞队列:这里使用静态内部类的方式来实现单例模式 , 在并发条件下不会出现问题 。
// 秒杀队列(固定长度为100)public class SecondKillQueue {// 队列大小static final int QUEUE_MAX_SIZE = 100;// 用于多线程间下单的队列static BlockingQueue<SuccessKilled> blockingQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<SuccessKilled>(QUEUE_MAX_SIZE);// 使用静态内部类,实现单例模式private SecondKillQueue(){};private static class SingletonHolder{// 静态初始化器,由JVM来保证线程安全privatestatic SecondKillQueue queue = new SecondKillQueue();}/*** 单例队列* @return*/public static SecondKillQueue getSkillQueue(){return SingletonHolder.queue;}/*** 生产入队* @param kill* @throws InterruptedException* add(e) 队列未满时,返回true;队列满则抛出IllegalStateException(“Queue full”)异常——AbstractQueue* put(e) 队列未满时,直接插入没有返回值;队列满时会阻塞等待,一直等到队列未满时再插入 。* offer(e) 队列未满时 , 返回true;队列满时返回false 。非阻塞立即返回 。* offer(e, time, unit) 设定等待的时间,如果在指定时间内还不能往队列中插入数据则返回false,插入成功返回true 。*/publicBooleanproduce(SuccessKilled kill) {return blockingQueue.offer(kill);}/*** 消费出队* poll() 获取并移除队首元素,在指定的时间内去轮询队列看有没有首元素有则返回,否者超时后返回null* take() 与带超时时间的poll类似不同在于take时候如果当前队列空了它会一直等待其他线程调用notEmpty.signal()才会被唤醒*/publicSuccessKilled consume() throws InterruptedException {return blockingQueue.take();}/*** 获取队列大小* @return*/public int size() {return blockingQueue.size();}}
消费秒杀队列:实现ApplicationRunner接口// 消费秒杀队列@Slf4j@Componentpublic class TaskRunner implements ApplicationRunner{@Autowiredprivate SecondKillService seckillService;@Overridepublic void run(ApplicationArguments var){new Thread(() -> {log.info("队列启动成功");while(true){try {// 进程内队列SuccessKilled kill = SecondKillQueue.getSkillQueue().consume();if(kill != null){Result result = seckillService.startSecondKillByAop(kill.getSeckillId(), kill.getUserId());if(result != null && result.equals(Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS))){log.info("TaskRunner,result:{}",result);log.info("TaskRunner从消息队列取出用户,用户:{}{}",kill.getUserId(),"秒杀成功");}}} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}).start();}}@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式六——消息队列")@PostMapping("/start/queue")public Result startQueue(long skgId){try {log.info("开始秒杀方式六...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;SuccessKilled kill = new SuccessKilled();kill.setSeckillId(skgId);kill.setUserId(userId);Boolean flag = SecondKillQueue.getSkillQueue().produce(kill);// 虽然进入了队列 , 但是不一定能秒杀成功 进队出队有时间间隙if(flag){log.info("用户:{}{}",kill.getUserId(),"秒杀成功");}else{log.info("用户:{}{}",userId,"秒杀失败");}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return Result.ok();}
注意:在业务层和AOP方法中,不能抛出任何异常, throw new RuntimeException()这些抛异常代码要注释掉 。因为一旦程序抛出异常就会停止,导致消费秒杀队列进程终止!使用阻塞队列来实现秒杀,有几点要注意:
- 消费秒杀队列中调用业务方法加锁与不加锁情况一样,也就是seckillService.startSecondKillByAop()、seckillService.startSecondKillByLock()方法结果一样,这也很好理解
- 当队列长度与商品数量一致时,会出现少卖的现象,可以调大数值
- 下面是队列长度1000,商品数量1000 , 并发数2000情况下出现的少卖
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3.7.方式七(Disruptor队列)Disruptor是个高性能队列,研发的初衷是解决内存队列的延迟问题,在性能测试中发现竟然与I/O操作处于同样的数量级,基于Disruptor开发的系统单线程能支撑每秒600万订单 。
// 事件生成工厂(用来初始化预分配事件对象)public class SecondKillEventFactory implements EventFactory<SecondKillEvent> {@Overridepublic SecondKillEvent newInstance() {return new SecondKillEvent();}}// 事件对象(秒杀事件)public class SecondKillEvent implements Serializable {private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;private long seckillId;private long userId; // set/get方法略}// 使用translator方式生产者public class SecondKillEventProducer {private final static EventTranslatorVararg<SecondKillEvent> translator = (seckillEvent, seq, objs) -> {seckillEvent.setSeckillId((Long) objs[0]);seckillEvent.setUserId((Long) objs[1]);};private final RingBuffer<SecondKillEvent> ringBuffer;public SecondKillEventProducer(RingBuffer<SecondKillEvent> ringBuffer){this.ringBuffer = ringBuffer;}public void secondKill(long seckillId, long userId){this.ringBuffer.publishEvent(translator, seckillId, userId);}}// 消费者(秒杀处理器)@Slf4jpublic class SecondKillEventConsumer implements EventHandler<SecondKillEvent> {private SecondKillService secondKillService = (SecondKillService) SpringUtil.getBean("secondKillService");@Overridepublic void onEvent(SecondKillEvent seckillEvent, long seq, boolean bool) {Result result = secondKillService.startSecondKillByAop(seckillEvent.getSeckillId(), seckillEvent.getUserId());if(result.equals(Result.ok(SecondKillStateEnum.SUCCESS))){log.info("用户:{}{}",seckillEvent.getUserId(),"秒杀成功");}}}public class DisruptorUtil {static Disruptor<SecondKillEvent> disruptor;static{SecondKillEventFactory factory = new SecondKillEventFactory();int ringBufferSize = 1024;ThreadFactory threadFactory = runnable -> new Thread(runnable);disruptor = new Disruptor<>(factory, ringBufferSize, threadFactory);disruptor.handleEventsWith(new SecondKillEventConsumer());disruptor.start();}public static void producer(SecondKillEvent kill){RingBuffer<SecondKillEvent> ringBuffer = disruptor.getRingBuffer();SecondKillEventProducer producer = new SecondKillEventProducer(ringBuffer);producer.secondKill(kill.getSeckillId(),kill.getUserId());}}@ApiOperation(value="https://www.badwe.com/264839/秒杀实现方式七——Disruptor队列")@PostMapping("/start/disruptor")public Result startDisruptor(long skgId){try {log.info("开始秒杀方式七...");final long userId = (int) (new Random().nextDouble() * (99999 - 10000 + 1)) + 10000;SecondKillEvent kill = new SecondKillEvent();kill.setSeckillId(skgId);kill.setUserId(userId);DisruptorUtil.producer(kill);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return Result.ok();}
经过测试,发现使用Disruptor队列队列,与自定义队列有着同样的问题,也会出现超卖的情况,但效率有所提高 。4. 小结对于上面七种实现并发的方式,做一下总结:
- 一、二方式是在代码中利用锁和事务的方式解决了并发问题,主要解决的是锁要加载事务之前
- 三、四、五方式主要是数据库的锁来解决并发问题,方式三是利用for upate对表加行锁 , 方式四是利用update来对表加锁,方式五是通过增加version字段来控制数据库的更新操作,方式五的效果最差
- 六、七方式是通过队列来解决并发问题 , 这里需要特别注意的是,在代码中不能通过throw抛异常,否则消费线程会终止,而且由于进队和出队存在时间间隙 , 会导致商品少卖
- 并发数1000,商品数100
- 并发数1000,商品数1000
- 并发数2000,商品数1000
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